In 260 A.D., after the Battle of Edessa against the Persians, Valerian (a notorious persecutor of Christians) became the first Roman emperor to be taken as a prisoner of war. Publius Licinius Valerianus makes the influential list less for what he did than what was done to him. His book Meditations is largely regarded as a literary masterpiece. A fervent adherent of Stoicism-a Hellenistic school of philosophy that claimed that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker was key to gaining universal reason-the emperor (who was famously portrayed in the Oscar-winning Gladiator) is widely regarded as one of history’s most essential philosophers. Known as the “emperor-philosopher,” emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus produced writings now considered philosophical canon. As the first Roman emperor to adhere to the concept of “natural law,” Pius instituted a legal system that would serve later as the reference point for many nations developing their own legal systems, including Britain, France and Germany. His greatest contribution to Roman civilization, however, came through the legal system. That lack of turmoil afforded Pius the opportunity to focus on advancing on the infrastructure successes and civic reforms of his predecessor Hadrian. Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius presided over Rome during one of the civilization’s most peaceful periods. READ MORE: 10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome Antoninus Pius (reign: 138 to 161 A.D.)
He also leaves the Pantheon, which revolutionized architecture with its innovative construction of shapes built with concrete. He oversaw construction of Hadrian’s Wall, a 73-mile-long defensive fort-much of which still stands today and is recognized as a British cultural icon. Publius Aelius Hadrianus claims a spot as one of Rome’s most influential emperors for his ability to secure Rome and its borders and the unprecedented engineering prowess he displayed while doing so. to 14 A.D.)Ī defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian, known as Hadrian's Wall. READ MORE: How Julius Caesar's Assassination Triggered the Fall of the Roman Republic Caesar Augustus (Reign: 27 B.C. After his murder at the hands of dozens of members of the senate, Rome officially transitioned from a democracy to an imperial society. These reforms made Caesar increasingly popular with Rome’s commoners while alienating him from its elite (and leading to his eventual infamous assassination). As leader of the Roman Republic, Caesar increased the size of the senate to represent more Roman citizens, established the Julian calendar (the 365-day, 12-month calendar still in use worldwide), granted Roman citizenship to all those living under Roman rule and redistributed wealth among the poor. Aside from being a successful general, conquering Spain and Gaul-feats that greatly expanded the size, power and wealth of Rome-Caesar enacted a number of foundational reforms that would set up the oncoming Roman Empire.
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But it’s impossible to tell the story of Rome (or its eventual transition from a republic to an empire, without mentioning Julius Caesar. Technically, as the last ruler of Rome’s Republican era, Gaius Julius Caesar was never recognized as an emperor. READ MORE: How Ancient Rome Thrived During Pax Romana Gaius Julius Caesar (reign from 49 B.C. These rulers, often as innovative and ingenious as they were brutal and corrupt, spanned the gamut-from teenagers and impotent leaders barely able to hold court for months to era-defining emperors responsible for molding at least part of the world today as we know it. Over that time, Rome was ruled by scores of kings, dictators and emperors who expanded it from a small city to an empire spanning nearly 2 million square miles and consisting of, historians estimate, anywhere from 50 to 90 million inhabitants.
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WATCH: Full episodes of Colosseum online now.įrom its inception to its collapse in 476 A.D., ancient Rome had three distinct periods: Regal Rome, (753–509 B.C.), when monarchs ruled Republican Rome (509–27 B.C.), when Roman elected its governors and Imperial Rome (27 B.C.–476 A.D.), when a supreme ruler oversaw the empire, and in early years did so alongside the elected senate. So who exactly left an indelible mark on ancient Rome? The more-than-1,000-year span of influence that began with the founding of Rome in 753 B.C. While its influence on western civilization, in particular, has been ubiquitous, its remnants can be found virtually everywhere, from our calendar and political systems to our alphabet.
Few periods in history have had a greater impact on humankind than that of ancient Rome.
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